Ibex 35, Nasdaq, Dow Jones, Dax 30. ¿Lo has escuchado alguna vez en el telediario o leído en el periódico? Pues seguramente sin saberlo, te estaban hablando de índices bursátiles.
Pero, ¿Qué son los índices bursátiles?
En este artículo, te explicaré lo que son, los tipos que existen, para qué sirven y te expondré algunos ejemplos para que te quede todo claro.
Contenido
▷ ¿Qué es un índice bursátil?
Un índice bursátil es un índice que refleja la evolución de los precios de un conjunto de activos financieros que cotizan en un mercado determinado.
Por ejemplo, en España el índice bursátil de referencia es el Ibex 35. Agrupa a las 35 empresas españolas que tienen la mayor capitalización y volumen de negociación. En el Ibex 35, podrás ver cómo evoluciona el precio del conjunto de las empresas españolas en un único dato o gráfico.
▷ Tipos de índices bursátiles
Muchas veces, asociamos a los índices bursátiles únicamente como la representación de la economía de un país. Pero no es solo eso, ¡Es mucho más! Veamos qué tipos existen:
1. Según la procedencia geográfica:
- Globales: Índice compuesto por activos financieros de todo el mundo.
- Internacionales: Índice compuesto por activos financieros de distintos países o regiones (Europa, américa, Asia o países emergentes)
- Nacional: Índice compuesto por activos de un país en concreto (España: Ibex 35, Alemania: Dax 30, Francia: Cac 40)
2. Según el tipo de empresas:
- Sectoriales: Índice compuesto por empresas de un mismo sector (Sector financiero, Servicios, Energía)
- Intersectoriales: Índice compuesto por empresas de diferentes sectores.
3. Según el tipo de activos:
- Renta variables: Índice compuesto por activos financieros cuyo precio varía (Acciones)
- Renta fija: Índice compuesto por activos financieros cuyo precio NO varía (Bonos y obligaciones)
- Materias primas: Oro, petróleo o cacao.
Como puedes comprobar, existen una multitud de índices bursátiles. Si quieres averiguar la evolución del precio de un conjunto de activos financieros, tendrás que ir a su índice. Para ello, existen varias páginas de información que te pueden ayudar como Investing, Yahoo finance o Bolsamania.
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▷ ¿Para qué sirven?
- Reflejar el comportamiento y sentimiento general del mercado.
- Servir como Benchmark o índice de referencia para comparar la rentabilidad de un fondo o cartera de acciones.
- Convertirse como una estrategia de inversión, conocida como gestión pasiva. Es decir, Invertir mediante ETF (Exchange Trade fund) o fondos indexados buscando replicar la rentabilidad que nos ofrecen los índices.
▷ Ejemplos de los principales índices bursátiles internacionales
#1. índices bursátiles europeos
- Eurostoxx 50: Índice de referencia que se compone de las 50 empresas europeas más importantes.
- Cac 40: Índice francés que agrupa a las 40 empresas francesas con mayor capitalización.
- FTSE 100: Índice de la bolsa de Londres que representa a las 100 empresas inglesas más importantes.
- Dax 30: Índice alemán que concentra a las 30 empresas más relevantes de Alemania.
- Ibex 35: Fundado en 1992, es el principal índice de la bolsa española.
#2. índices bursátiles americanos
- Dow Jones Industrial Average: Probablemente es el índice más famoso y antiguo. Fundado en el año 1896 con 12 empresas. Durante el transcurso del tiempo, ha ido cambiando hasta hoy en día estar compuesto por las 30 empresas más importantes y representativas de Estados Unidos.
- S&P 500: Compuesto por las 500 mayores empresas de Estados Unidos. Se suele coger este índice como representación de la economía estadounidense al tener cerca del 80% de la capitalización del país.
- Nasdaq 100: Es el índice más “nuevo” del parqué americano. Fue creado en 1985 y agrupa los 100 valores más relevantes del sector tecnológico, biotecnología, telecomunicaciones y venta al por mayor y por menor.
- S&P/TSX 60: Representa a las 60 empresas más grandes de Canadá.
#3. índices bursátiles asiáticos
- Nikkei 225: Índice que surgió en 1949 después de la II guerra mundial, alberga las 225 empresas más importantes de Japón.
- SSE Composite: Índice fundado en 1990, está compuesto por los valores más importantes de china continental. Mencionar que es un mercado que no está completamente abierto al inversor extranjero.
- BSE Sensex: Índice bursátil de la India. Agrupa las 30 compañías más importante del país.
- Hang Seng Index: Principal índice de la bolsa de china de Hong Kong. Está compuesto por las 50 empresas más grandes del mercado chino.
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